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When you send an email to someone across the world, how does the message get to that point and not to any of the other millions of computers connected?. Much of the work to carry a message from one point to another is made by routers. Router router means, ie "form" of the road or path.
Unlike an Ethernet LAN rate (the usual) in which a message from one person to another is transmitted to all computers network, and only picks up on that identified as recipients, Internet, the volume is so high that it would be impossible for each computer would receive all the traffic that moves to select messages, so we could say that the router instead of moving a message all the networks that make up the Internet, just move the message between the two networks are involved, the sender and receiver. That is, a router has two different but related missions.

-The router ensures that information does not go where there is no need
-The router ensures that information if it reaches the

The router will connect the networks of the sender and recipient certain information (email, website, ...) and also between them only transmit the necessary information.

Packet

When setting up a telephone conversation, it creates a direct connection between your origin and your destination, if the cable from the phone company is going from source to destination is a problem, it will be impossible to establish the call. The movement of information on the Internet works differently, first information (emails, website or whatever) is split into smaller units or "packets" (about 1,500 bytes per packet). Each packet carries information on the origin, destination and place of that package in the total information transmitted (for whom the message can be reconstructed correctly) and information and confirm their arrival at destination.

The router will analyze the packet by packet source and destination and will seek the shortest path from one to another. This way of transmitting information has great advantages:

-The router is able to see if a route does not work and find an alternative.
-The router is even able to find the quickest route (eg one that has less traffic) should be able to choose among several possibilities.

This makes the Internet a very robust system for sending information.

types of routers

There are several types of routers, to include:

If you use a PC with Windows 98 or later to share an Internet connection, the PC will be doing basic router functionality. Will just see if the information packets are intended for external PC or other group.

more sophisticated routers, and in fact the most used, do more, including protecting our network from outside traffic, and are capable of handling far more traffic. That is why they are the typical choice in small networks, and even at home users.

more powerful routers, which are spread all over the Internet for managing traffic, handling a volume of millions of packets per second and optimizing the paths between origin and destination.

On the Internet, as we mentioned, there are thousands of routers that work, along with ours, to find the fastest route from one point to another. If you have a router on your Internet connection, this search for the optimal router to reach a recipient, and the optimal router will seek to turn the next best to reach the recipient. Say it's a great team.

To see how many routers are involved with us and, for example, some of these websites recommended AdslFaqs, TecnologiaIT, DirectorioMint or AdslHelp , we can use a simple tool in our system. Simply go to an MS-DOS window (Windows) or Terminal (Linux ) and type:

and we will see a list of routers that have intervened so that we can connect to this site and also will indicate the time taken for each router to "think" the next step of the route.

Both routers as the most sophisticated medium to configure what information we want you to enter or leave your PC or network. If we want to expand the scope of control should add a device called a Firewall (firewall).

Router, which literally means "router" in the world of computers is a device that selects paths (or routes) in computer networks to send them information. In technical terms are carried over "packages" of information from its source to a destination through "nodes" intermediaries, which in this case is the router as a physical device in question. In simple terms, we see the router in homes and offices serves as wireless networking, which in practical terms is normally used to connect to the Internet without the need to physically connect a cable to our computers (although as we will see is only one of the applications of these devices.)

The job of a router is possible to identify two missions. First ensures that information sent by the issuer will not place unnecessary. And second is concerned that the information is specifically the recipient. To successfully execute its work, the router connecting the networks of the sender and receiver of information given, where only the sender transmits ordered.

The transmission of information sent from a sender to a receiver is divided into what are known as packages. Each packet is about 1500 bytes. They carry information to the receiver. The router is responsible for reviewing all the packages that make up the message in its entirety and from this search for the shortest and fastest way to send information to its destination. This mode of transmission has two major advantages. First, the router can distinguish those routes that are not effective and therefore may find a better option. And secondly it is able to select the fastest route to deliver information, such as having less traffic.

Several routers used in the world of connectivity; The core routers are responsible for the analysis if data packets are destined outside or to another computer. The more complex routers (which are the most used), in addition to the work of the basics, you are responsible for protecting the network from outside traffic. Finally there is a more powerful type of router that handle a number of million packets per second. These make the source and destination paths lack traffic turning optimal transmission of messages.

Although as we have discussed are associated with wireless routers, the truth is that its function began in the fixed networks, and only emerged over time as wireless models massifies use Internet-related, but based his work remains the routing computer networks, which can have several applications.

For home use a router, the figure is simple: An Internet connection, broadband coming into the home through a cable or dedicated phone line - this connection usually goes through a modem in charge of processing the signal, and the latter is connected to a computer and a router. It must properly configure the router using the computer with which there is direct connection, and hopefully assign a password to the network so that our neighbors will not connect without authorization from the same, so as to ensure optimum performance and speed.

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IPv4 ADDRESS

a router sends packets from the home network of the destination network using the IP proocolo. Packages must include an identifier both for the home network to the destination network. Using the IP address of a destination network, a router can send a packet to the network correctly. When when a packet arrives at a router connected to the destination network, the IP address used to locate a particular computer connected to the network. This system works the same way that a national post. When sending a letter, you must first be sent to post theoffice destination city, zip code uilizando. That office must then locate the destination in the city using their home mima is a two-step process. IPv4 Addressing

edseleon Posted by IP Address Components of an IP address Determination of the kind of direction Determination network IDs and host of a network Subdivision Subnets Subnet Masks Determination of local and remote hosts Planning IP Addressing Assignment of Assignment of network IDS Host IDS.

WHAT TO CONSIDER WHEN APPLYING THE IPv4 addresses?

The address will be given according to needs, avoiding grabbing directions. Users should plan their networks in order to use the minimum amount of public address. Any assignment shall be valid as long as the original criteria set forth in the petition.
This assignment will run for three months from the date of notification of it. In future, if this address has not been used, RedIRIS will again have it.
IP address assignment is no longer valid (address will be returned to RedIRIS) when they met the conditions under which such assignment was made.
If the organization changes its provider, and return the address, and the new provider will be assigned another range other than to replace the first.
allocated address range will be used exclusively for the organization that requests it. Under no circumstances allow the reassignment of the address by the organization to others.
More information on these standards in the document RIPE-234 (RIPE policy for the allocation of addresses).
ASKS HOW?
are duly completed the form, indicating necessarily a detailed description of the organization with the information necessary to justify the requested address. Please read before
document RIPE-283 (RIPE form to request for directions) and RIPE-284 (aid to completing the form.)
WHAT TO DO IF YOU NEED MORE IPv4 addresses?
be filled in the form again.
In this case, the range currently used should be included in the section CURRENT ADDRESS SPACE USAGE, which will be shown each and every one of the subnets that have been made in that range, along with the number of addresses currently assigned and made available. When returning
this range, the field address-space-returned in the section PLAN ADDRESSING must have a value 'yes'.
be conducted periodic reviews of the assigned address, as it is RIPE requirement to know how they are using addresses in organizations. These revisions will be notified by e-mail and to send free text documents are used, being able to focus on documents iris-nic-ipnum.txt and RIPE-283. Related

Application Form. Help complete the form. RFC-1918. Address Allocation for Private Internets. RIPE-234. IPv4 Address Allocation and Assignment Policies in the RIPE NCC Service Region. subnet mask information.
IPv4 ADDRESS REQUEST FOR PROJECT
In a special way addresses are assigned to projects that by their nature, can not use the address of the participating organizations (different connections, special infrastructure, ...).
This address will be valid for the duration of the project. After this time, RedIRIS will have those addresses. It will consider the renewal of the range given when the project ends, either by an extension of the project or because they intend to use the infrastructure created for different projects. IPv6 PACKETS

There are two slightly different versions of IPv6. The now obsolete original version, described in RFC 1883 , differs from the current proposed standard version, described in RFC 2460 , into two camps: there are 4 bits that have been reassigned from "flow label" (flow label) to "kind of traffic" (traffic class). The remaining differences are minor.
fragmentation in IPv6 is performed only at the source node of the package, unlike IPv4, where routers may fragment a packet. In IPv6, the options will also disappear from the standard header and are specified by the "Next Header" (Next Header), similar in functionality to the IPv4 Protocol field. An example: in an IPv4 add the option "set route from origin" (Strict Source and Record Routing) to the IPv4 header if you want to force a route for the package, but in a modified field IPv6 "Next Header" indicating that comes a routing header. The routing header can then specify additional routing information for the package, and indicate that, for example, the TCP header is as follows. This procedure is analogous to that of AH and ESP in IPsec for IPv4 (IPv6 that applies equally, of course).

In Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) addresses are 128 bits long. One of the reasons for having a space for the big address is to divide the available addresses in a hierarchy of routing domains that reflect the Internet topology. Another reason is to assign the addresses of network adapters (or interfaces) that connect devices to the network. IPv6 is characterized by an inherent ability to resolve addresses on the lower level, which is the level of the network interface, as well as automatic configuration capabilities. Text Rendering

Here are three conventional ways used to represent IPv6 addresses as text strings:
-colon hexadecimal form. This is the preferred form n: n: n: n: n: n: n: n. Each n represents the hexadecimal value of one of the eight elements of 16 bits of the address. For example: 3FFE: FFFF: 7654: FEDA: 1245: BA98: 3210:4562.
compressed form. Due to the length of the address, it is common to have addresses that contain a long string of zeros. To simplify the writing of these addresses, use the compressed form in which a single contiguous sequence of blocks of 0 is represented by a double colon (::). This symbol can only appear once in one direction. For example, the multicast address FFED: 0:0:0:0: BA98: 3210:4562 FFED compressed formats: BA98: 3210:4562. Unicast address 3FFE: FFFF: 0:0:8:800:20 C4: 0 in compressed format is 3FFE: FFFF:: 8:800:20 C4: 0. The loopback address 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 in compressed format is: 1. The unspecified address 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 in compressed format is:. Form
mixed. This form combines the IPv4 and IPv6. In this case, the address format is n: n: n: n: n: n: dddd, where each n represents the hexadecimal values \u200b\u200bof the six elements of 16-bit address IPv6 top level, and each d represents the decimal value of an IPv4 address .
types of addresses.
initial bits of the address define the type of specific IPv6 address. The variable length field that contains these leading bits is called the format prefix (FP Format Prefix).
An IPv6 unicast address is divided into two parts. The first part contains the address prefix and the second part contains the identifier of the interface. A short way of expressing a combination of IPv6 address and prefix would be: dirección-ipv6/longitud-de-prefijo.
Here is an example of an address with a prefix of 64 bits.3FFE: FFFF: 0: CD30: 0:0:0:0 / 64.The code of this example is 3FFE: FFFF: 0: CD30. The address can also be written in compressed format, and 3FFE: FFFF: 0: CD30:: / 64.
defines the following IPv6 address types: Unicast address
. An identifier for a single interface. It comes in the interface identified a packet sent to this address. Unicast addresses are distinguished from multicast addresses by the value of byte level. The top-level byte multicast addresses have the hexadecimal value FF. Any other value of this byte identifies a unicast address. The following are different types of unicast addresses:
link local addresses. These addresses are used in a single link and have the following format: FE80:: idDeInterfaz. The link-local addresses are used between nodes on a link to the automatic address configuration, the next discovery or when no routers. A link-local address is mainly used to start and when the system has yet to address a larger scope.
Site-local addresses. These addresses are used in a single site and have the following format: FEC0:: idDeSubred: idDeInterfaz. Site-local addresses are used to target a site without a global prefix.
Global Unicast Addresses IPv6. These addresses can be used on the Internet and have the following format: 010 (FP, 3 bits) TLA ID (13 bits) Reserved (8 bits) NLA ID (24 bits) SLA ID (16 bits) idDeInterfaz (64 bits).
multicast address. An identifier for a set of interfaces (typically belonging to different nodes). Delivered to all interfaces identified by the address a packet sent to this address. The multicast address types replace the directions IPv4 broadcast.
anycast address (anycast). An identifier for a set of interfaces (typically belonging to different nodes). It comes in only one direction interface identified by a packet sent to this address. This is the closest interface as identified by the routing measures. The Anycast addresses are taken from the unicast address space and can not be distinguished by the syntax. The interface that addresses makes the distinction between unicast addresses and those anycast as a function of configuration.

CABESERAS EXTENSION
The use of a flexible format for optional extension headers is an innovative idea that can be gradually adding features. This design provides high efficiency and flexibility, which can be defined at any time as needed basis between the fixed header and payload.
So far, there are 8 types of extension headers, where the fixed header and optional extension include the following header field that identifies the type of extension header that follows the protocol identifier or higher level. Then the extension headers are chained using the following header field which appears in the header fixed as in each of those extension headers. As a result of the above sequence, such extension headers must be processed in the same order as they appear in the datagram. The main header, is unlike the IPv4 header of a fixed size of 40 bytes.

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TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK IP ADDRESS

A network of computers, also called network computer or computer network, is a set of computers connected by wires, signals, waves or any other method of transporting data, information sharing (files ), resources (CD-ROM , printers, etc.), services (internet access , e-mail, chat , games, etc.). increasing efficiency and productivity of people.
A communications network is a set of technical means of remote communication between autonomous teams (non-hierarchical -master/slave-). Usually it is transmitting data, audio and video by electromagnetic waves through various media (air, vacuum, copper cable, fiber optic cable , etc.).
To simplify the communication between programs (aplicaciUna Intranet is a private network where Internet technology is used as the basic architecture. This is an internal network that is constructed using protocols TCP / IP for Internet communication that can run on many hardware platforms and cable projects. The fundamental hardware itself is not an intranet, are essential software protocols The Intranet can coexist with other technology local area network. In many companies, "legacy systems" available that include mainframe, Novell networks, minicomputers, and various databases are integrated into an intranet using a wide variety of tools.
An example of practical implementation of an intranet is access to databases through its economic Common Gateway Interface (CGI). With the same purpose, the Intranet can also use applications coded in the programming language Java to access databases asset.
Security in an intranet is more complicated to implement, since it is providing security both external and internal users, who are supposed to have permission to use network services.
an intranet or internal network is limited in scope to a single organization or entity. It usually works through services such as communications protocol HTTP, FTP , SMTP, POP3 and other general use.
On an intranet you can have the same Internet services that , but they are only available to users of this private network, not for users in general.ones) of different teams, was defined by OSI Model the ISO , which specifies 7 layers of abstraction . Thus, each layer develops a specific function with a range of servers definido.Tipos
Main article: Server
The following lists are some common types of servers and their purpose.
File server stores various types of file and distribute them to other clients on the network. Server
impressions: controlling one or more printers and accepts print jobs from other clients on the network, queuing print jobs (although it can change the priority of different impressions), and performing most or all other functions on a workstation would be made to achieve a print job if the printer was connected directly to the printer port of the workstation.
mail server: stores, sends, receives, routes and perform other operations related to e-mail to customers of the network.
Fax Server: stores, sends, receives, routes and performs other functions necessary for the transmission, receipt and proper distribution of fax .
telephony server: Performs functions related to telephony, such as the answering machine, performing the functions of an interactive voice response, storing voice messages, routing calls and also controlling the network or Internet; p. eg., entry over IP voice (VoIP), etc.
Proxy: takes a certain type of functions on behalf of other clients on the network to increase the performance of certain operations (eg., Prefetching and upload documents or other data that are requested very frequently). It also serves as security, that is, has a Firewall (firewall). Allows you to manage Internet access on a computer network allowing or denying access to different web sites.
remote access server (RAS) controls the modem lines of monitors or other communication channels of the network so that requests to connect to the network from a remote location, answer incoming phone calls or acknowledge the request of the network and carry out necessary security checks and other necessary procedures to register a user on the network.
use server: Performs the logical part of the computer business or a client, accepting instructions To complete the operations of a workstation and serving the results to turn to the work site, while site work performed by the operator interface or GUI portion of the process (ie, presentation logic) required to work properly.
web server: stored HTML documents, images, text files, scripts, and other Web material consists of data (collectively known as content), and distributing content to customers who request it online.
Backup Server: Backup software is network installed and have large amounts of network storage on hard drives or other storage (tape, etc.). available for use to ensure that the loss of a primary server does not affect the network. This technique is also called clustering. Printers
: Many printers are capable of acting as part of a network of computers without any other device, such as a "print server", to act as an intermediary between the printer and the device is requesting a print job to be finished.
Terminal: many networks use this type of equipment instead of jobs for data entry. In these data only exhibit or introduced. This type of terminal, working against a server, which is the one who actually processes the data and sends display data to the terminals.
Other devices: there are many other types of devices that can be used to build a network, many of which require an understanding of advanced concepts of establishing a computer network before they can be easily understood (eg, cubes , routers, bridges, switches, hardware firewalls, etc.).. In home networks and phones that connect consumer electronics devices such as video game consoles are becoming increasingly common.
Authentication Server: It is responsible for verifying that a user can connect to the network at any point of access, either wired or wireless, basandose en el estándar 802.1x y puede ser un servidor de tipo RADIUS.
Servidor DNS: Este tipo de servidores resuelven nombres de dominio sin necesidad de conocer su dirección IP. se trabaja con estrella, anillo maya,arbol,bus

TIPOS DE CANALETAS:

Canaletas tipo escaleras:Estas bandejas son muy flexibles, de fácil instalación y fabricadas en diferentes dimensiones, bajo pedido. Son de uso exclusivo para zonas techadas, fabricadas en planchas de acero galvanizado de 1.5 Mm. y 2.0 Mm. de espesor.Su diseño permite al contratista escoger conductores para instalaciones no entubadas, which means a considerable savings.
CerradaBandeja Type in a "U", used with or without top cover, for installations in the light or ceiling. Used both for electrical, communication data.Este or type of channel has the advantage of go to areas without a roof if you have adequate cover. Made of galvanized sheet steel with thickness and dimensions as specified by the customer . Special Types
can manufacture all kinds of designs and colors especiales.Estas under orders of the type racks can be hung up or attach to the wall and can be drilled for outputs interruptores, toma - corrientes, datos o comunicaciones .La pintura utilizada en este tipo de bandejas es electrostática en polvo, dándole un acabado insuperable.
Canaletas plásticas: Canales ranurados:Facilita y resuelve todos los problemas de conducción y distribución de cables. Se utilizan para fijación a paredes, chasis y paneles, vertical y horizontalmente.Los canales, en toda su longitud, están provistas de líneas de prerruptura dispuestas en la base para facilitar el corte de un segmento de la pared para su acoplamiento con otras canales formando T, L, salida de cables, etc.
Canal salvacables:Diseñado especially to protect and decorate the passage of cables: telephone, electricity , loudspeakers, computers, etc. by soil oficinas.Los of two models of Salvacables have three compartments that differentiate the different circuits .
5. Patch Panels (Patch Panel)
Patch-Panels: These are metal structures with circuit boards that allow interconnection between computers. A Patch-Panel has a certain number of ports (RJ-45 End-Plug), where each port is associated with a circuit board, which in turn spreads in small plugs of bristles (or teeth - referred to above). In these connectors is where sows striking the cables from the boxes or other Patch Panels. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe Patch-Panel in addition to following standards networks, is to structure and manage the cables that connect computers on a network, a better way. To strike out the bristles of a twisted pair cable in the Patch-Panel Crimp is used as the standard for use cajetines.El Patch-Panels, Cables boxes and is as follows:
Connects a cable or RJ- 45 (Plug-End) from one machine to the port (Jack-End) of the housing. Care should be taken with this because the cable can be crossed or not.
of the internal timing of the housing are connected to another wire bristles the timing of the Patch-Panel. The cable passes through previously placed gutters.
The external port patch panels (Jack-End) is placed a short cable to the hub or switch .
a rack (or metal bracket): A structure very tough metal, typically a square of about 3 m high by 1 m wide, where teams are placed signal regenerators and Patch-Panels these are adjusted to the rack on its side holes with screws. Components of a Rack

Bases and aluminum structures drilled.
Organizers gear tray vertical

Multitake protected Trays
peak battery trays
servers

RJ-45 Connector RJ-45 Jack.
The RJ-45 is a physical interface commonly used to connect networks of structured cabling (categories 4, 5, 5e, 6 and 6a). RJ is an acronym English of Registered Jack which in turn is part of the Federal Code of Regulations United States. It has eight " pins" or electrical connections, typically used as endpoints twisted pair cables.
is commonly used standards such as TIA/EIA-568-B , which defines the layout of the pins or wiring pinout .
A common application is its use in Ethernet network cables , which are commonly used 8-pin (4 pairs). Other applications include mobile endings (4-pin or 2 pairs), for example in France and Germany, other network services as ISDN and T1 and even RS-232 .
TX + data +
Transceive
White - Green White
- Orange

White - Orange
White - Green
2 TX-

Transceive data -
Green
Orange
Orange
Green
3
RX +
Receive data +
White - Orange
White - Green
White - Green
White - Orange
4
BDD + Bi-directional data
+

Azul Azul

White Blue - Brown
5
BDD-
Bi-directional data -
White - Blue
White - Blue
White - Blue Brown

6 RX-

Receive data -
Naranja
Verde
Verde
Naranja
7
BDD+
Bi-directional data +
Blanco - Marrón
Blanco - Marrón
Blanco - Marrón
Azul
8
BDD-
Bi-directional data -
Marrón
Marrón
Marrón
Blanco - AzulCable directo
El cable directo de red sirve para conectar dispositivos desiguales, como un computador con un hub o switch . En este caso ambos extremos del cable deben tener la misma distribución. No no difference in connectivity between 568B and distribution distribution 568A provided at both ends use the same, otherwise we speak of a crossover cable.
The most widely used scheme in practice is having on both ends of the distribution 568B. Direct Wire 568

Direct Cable 568B
crossover cable:
A crossover cable is a cable that connects all output signals on a connector with input signals in the other connector , and vice versa, allowing two electronic devices connected together with a full duplex communication . The term refers - usually - the Ethernet crossover cable , but other cables may follow the same principle. It also allows reliable transmission via an ethernet connection.
The crossover cable used to connect two equal devices, such as 2 computers together so that the colors are arranged so as not to necessitate the presence of a hub. Currently most hubs or switches support crossover cables to connect. Some network cards do not care that they connect a crossover cable or normal, they themselves are configured to use PC-PC or PC-Hub/switch.
To create a crossover cable to work in 10/100baseT, one end of the distribution should be 568A and one 568B. To create a crossover cable that works 10/100/1000BaseT, one end of the distribution cable must be Gigabit Ethernet (variant A), like the 568B, and one Gigabit Ethernet (variant B1

For RJ45 connectors that all work on any network cables, it follows a standard when making connections. The two ends of the cable (UTP Category 4 or 5) take an RJ45 connector with the colors in the order shown in the figure.
To using a hub or switch, there are two standards, the most used is the B, in both cases the two sides of the cable are the same:
Norma A White


Green White Orange Green Blue


White Blue White Brown Orange


Standard B
Brown White Orange Green White


Orange Blue Green


White Blue White Brown Brown

Computer connection between hubs, switches, routers , etc.

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For two to communicate, must identify and locate each other. Although the direction Figure 1 is not real network address, representing the concept of clustering of directions. It uses A or B to identify the network and the sequence of numbers to identify the individual host.

a computer can be connected over a network. In this case, the system must be assigned more than one direction. Each direccionidentificara the connection of the computer to a different network. It is not said that a device has an address but each of the points of connection (or interfaces) of this device has is an address on a network. This will enable other computers to locate the device on a given network. The combination of letters (network address) and number (address of host) create an address for each device connected to the network. Every computer connected to an ICP / IP must be given a unique identifier or an address IP.Esta address, which operates at Layer 3, allows a computer to locate another computer on the network. All computers also have a unique physical address known as MAC address. These are assigned by the manufacturer of the card de4 network inteface. MAC addresses operate at Layer 2 of the OSI model.

CONVERCIO DECIMAL AND BINARY

are many ways to solve a problem. In addition, there are several ways to convert decimal numbers bnarios numbers. One of the methods presented below, however is not unique. The student may find that others are easier. It is a matter of personal preference.

8192 1024 32768 16384 213 32 16 8 4 2 1

2098 512 128 69

When converting a decimal number to binary, determine the highest power you can fit in the decimal number. If this process adiseñado paratrabajar with computers, the most logical starting point values \u200b\u200bare higher than can fit in one or do bytes. Ccomose mentioned earlier, the most common grouping of bits is eight, that make up a byte. However, sometimes the highest value that a byte can hold is not high enough for the required values. To accommodate this circumstance, combine the bytes. Instead of having two numbers eight digits, it creates a single number of 16 bits. Instead of having three three-digit numbers, it creates a number of 24 bits. The same rules apply as to the numbers lamisma eight bits. Multiply the value of the previous position by two to obtain the present value of column.

Similarly, each IP address has two parts. One part identifies the network that connects the system and the second identifies the particular system of the network. As shown in Figure 3, each byte ranging from 0 to 225.

This type of hierarchical address cuz containing different levels. An IP address combines these two identifiers on a single number. This number must be a unique number, because the addresses would make it impossible to repeat enrrutamiento. The first part identifies the address of the rd system. The second part, the prtedel hotst, identifies that particular machine on the network.

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is a theoretical standard for different hardware manufacturers create dispocitivos communications with the same parameters. The model has 7 layers are:
physical layer. Is in charge of the physical connections from the computer to the network, both as regards the physical environment and in how information is transmitted.
and some features:
• Define the means or ways in which communication will Avija.
· Transmit bit stream through the middle
DATA LINK LAYER: This layer deals the physical address of network access, or notification of errors, the orderly distribution of frames and flow control.
RED COAT: The aim of the network layer is to make the data source to arrive des dstino even though both are not directly connected. The dispociivos that facilitate this task is called TRACK . ARE LIKE MOST KNOWN AS ROUTER work on this layer as though they can act as routers SWITCHde finished level two cases DEPENDING the assigned function.
at this level are made derecione logical and completion of route data to its final recptor.
Transport Layer: This layer is the one responsible for maintaining and controlling the enlaceestablecido between two computers that are transmitting data of any kind.
Presentation Layer: The object is responsible for submitting the imformacion so different computers.
Application layer: applications offers the ability to access the services of more layers and define the protocols.

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linux OSI MODEL


Chmod Command This command is used to modify file permissions. There are two ways to use it: ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print
chmod 777 chmod 777 myfile myfile
->
Or this: ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print
chmod g + x myfile chmod g + x myfile
->
In the first case we add permissions octal form, while in the second we use the notation with lyrics. In the example we add the permission to run the group owning the file. We may use + or-to other users, g +, g-to add or remove permissions on the group, and u +, u-for the user's permissions owner, followed by the letter r (read), w (write) ox (execute). Chown Command

this command to change the owner of a file and can be used as follows ->
see popup Copy to clipboard print
chown-R nuevopropietario / chown-R PathToFile nuevopropietario / PathToFile
->

chgrp chgrp command changes the group owner of the file or directory. ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print
chgrp newGroup / chgrp PathToFile newGroup / PathToFile
-> Command Du

Displays disk usage of each file and directory (including subdirectories .) ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print du du

->
If you want to view only the total size of all files and directories in a folder you can use this command: ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print
du - ch-ch du grep grep total total
->

Grep Command This command is indispensable. Used to search for text strings within a file or within another string. For example these three statements will return the number of directories that exist in the current directory. (Ls is to list all files and directories and wc-l to count the number of lines ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print
ls-l grep d wc-l ^ ls-l grep d wc-l ^
->
In this example we can see the number of times the root user is connected. For example if you open different operating system shells at a time. (Who returns a string with all users connected) -> popup
see copy to clipboard Print Who
wc-l grep root root Who wc-l grep
->
command grep supports regular expressions is what makes it really powerful, even if regular expressions are added things get complicated. Suppose you have a file called test_file with the following data: ->
see popup copy to clipboard
print dir file 15kb 27kb
27/07/2007 26/07/2007 26/07/2007
dualco 1kb 15kb dir 27kb file
27/07/2007 26/07/2007 26/07/2007
dualco 1kb
->
And we just want to show us the lines that start with the letter d. This would be the solution to the grep command using regular expressions. ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print
grep \\ '^ [d] \\' test_file grep \\ '^ [d] \\' test_file
->
Comando Head
Devuelve las primeras líneas de un texto dado. Este ejemplo devolvería las primeras 10 líneas del archivo. -->
ver en popup copiar a portapapeles imprimir
head -n 10 archivo.c head -n 10 archivo.c
-->
Comando Kill
Este comando es muy útil para detener un proceso. Normalmente se utiliza el comando ps para buscar el PID (Process id o número identificador de proceso) y luego kill para 'matarlo' -->
ver en popup copiar a portapapeles imprimir
kill 174541 kill 174541
-->
Donde este número es the PID of the process.
Sometimes using this command will stop the process. In this case we use the parameter to give more priority -9 ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print
kill -9 kill -9 174 541 174 541
-> Locate
This
Command command to locate the path of a file in linux to know where it is stored. It can be faster because it stores that find routes in a database. It is especially useful when you know the name of the program but do not remember the route.
is necessary to update the index with the updatedb command to reindex the new files. ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print

updatedb updatedb locate file locate file

->
If you only want to display 5 results you can use this command: ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print
locate "*. h"-n 5 locate "*. h"-n 5
-> ls

Command Command indispensable. Used to list the files and directories in a folder. ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print
ls / home / root / ls / home / root /
->
The parameters used for this function are possible "-la." Because it shows detailed information about each file and directory (including hidden files): ->
see popup clipboard copy print
ls-la / home / root / ls-la / home / root /
-> Command
man
This command is used to call the Linux User and ask about a specific command. ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print NOMBRECOMANDO
man man NOMBRECOMANDO
->
If NOMBRECOMANDO There, we will open the application MAN with any information regarding this command, all your options and explanations. This command is essential to further the use of Linux.
Once the application is within man, or quit by pressing ESC and then typing: q
Some commands accept the - help to show information about your options. We can use this method to avoid having to call a man. ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print
NOMBRECOMANDO - help commandname - help
-> Command Tail

This command is used to visualize the final part of a document (English tail tail significantly.) It can be used in many cases, for example, suppose we have an error log of Apache web server that takes several GB. Display them using the cat command error_log is not a good idea, and less if you just want to see a recent error is in the final lines of the file. In this case this instruction would be nice to us we will print the last 50 lines of the error_log file. ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print
error_log tail-n 50 tail-n 50
error_log ->

ps Command The ps command gives a snapshot of all processes that are running at any given time. View Top command to display real-time processes.
Although there are many options to filter and sort the processes displayed by this command, possibly the most often used ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print
ps aux ps aux
- ->
With these parameters are formatted process by showing the most important attributes. Sometimes this command is often used in conjunction with grep to find a particular process ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print
ps aux grep "nombredelproceso" ps aux grep "nombredelproceso"
->
To stop a process using the Kill command, also explained on this page. Command
Top
shows all the activity of processes that are running in real time. And various information system, uptime, memory, etc ->
see popup copy to clipboard
print top top
->
command to stop the press control + c.
has many options to order according to your preferences. If while running you press the shift key + m is sorted by the processes that take up more memory. Uptime Command

shows the time that has elapsed since the system opened. ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print

uptime uptime ->
addition also shows users that are Connected to the computer at that moment and the load averages over 1, 5 to 15 minutes.
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Bedroom Accent Wall Chocolate Brown

COMMANDS FOR LINUX SERVER DAMINISTRAR

Chmod Command
this command to change file permissions . There are two ways to use it: ->
see popup Copy to clipboard print
chmod 777 chmod 777 myfile myfile
->
Or this: ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print
chmod g + x chmod g + x myfile myfile
->
In the first case we add permissions octal form, while in the second we use the notation with lyrics. In the example we add the permission to run the group owning the file. We may use + or-to other users, g +, g-to add or remove permissions on the group, and u +, u-User permissions for owner, followed by the letter r (read) w (write) x (execute). Chown Command

this command to change the owner of a file and can be used as follows -> popup
see copy to clipboard Print
chown-R nuevopropietario / PathToFile chown - R nuevopropietario / PathToFile
->

chgrp chgrp command changes the group owner of the file or directory. ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print
chgrp newGroup / chgrp PathToFile newGroup / PathToFile
-> Command Du

Displays disk usage of each File and directory (including subdirectories). ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print
du du
->
If you want to view only the total size of all files and directories in a folder you can use this command: ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print
du total du-ch-ch grep grep total
->

Grep Command This command is indispensable. Used to search for text strings within a file or within another string. For example these three statements will return the number of directories that exist in the current directory. (Ls is to list all files and directories and wc-l to count the number of lines ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print
ls-l grep d wc-l ^ ls grep-l wc-l ^ d
->
In this example we can see the number of times the root user is connected. For example if you open different operating system shells at a time. (WHO returns a string all users connected) -> popup
see copy to clipboard Print Who
wc-l grep root root Who wc-l grep
->
command grep supports regular expressions is what makes it really powerful, even if regular expressions are added things get complicated. Suppose you have a file called test_file with the following information: ->
see popup copy to clipboard
print dir file 15kb 27kb
27/07/2007 26/07/2007
dualco 1kb dir 26/07/2007 27/07/2007
15kb 27kb file 1kb 26/07/2007 26/07/2007
dualco
->
And we just want to show us the lines that start with the letter d. This would be the solution to the grep command using regular expressions. ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print
grep \\ '^ [d] \\' test_file grep \\ '^ [d] \\' test_file
-> Command Head

Returns the first lines of a given text. This example would return the first 10 lines of the file. ->
see popup copy to clipboard
print head-n 10 n 10 head-file.c file.c
-> Kill Command

This command is useful to stop a process. You typically use the ps command to find the PID (Process ID or process ID number) and then kill to 'kill' ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print
kill kill 174541 174541
->
Where this number is the PID of the process.
Sometimes using this command will stop the process. In this case we use the parameter to give more priority -9 ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print
kill -9 kill -9 174 541 174 541
-> Locate
This
Command command to locate the path of a file in linux to know where it is stored. It can be faster because it stores that find routes in a database. It is especially useful when you know the name of the program but do not remember the route.
is necessary to update the index with the updatedb command to reindex the new files. ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print

updatedb updatedb locate file locate file

->
If you only want to display 5 results you can use this command: ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print
locate "*. h"-n 5 locate "*. h"-n 5
-> ls

Command Command indispensable. Used to list the files and directories in a folder. ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print
ls / home / root / ls / home / root /
->
The parameters used for this function are possible "-la" . Because it shows detailed information about each file and directory (including hidden files): ->
see popup clipboard copy print
ls-la / home / root / ls-la / home / root /
-> Command
man
This command is used to call the Linux User and ask about a specific command. ->
popup see copy to clipboard Print NOMBRECOMANDO
man man NOMBRECOMANDO
->
NOMBRECOMANDO If there is, we open the application MAN with any information regarding this command, all your options and explanations. This command is essential to further the use of Linux.
Once the application is within man, or quit by pressing ESC and then typing: q
Some commands accept the - help to show information about your options. We can use this method to avoid having to call a man. ->
see popup copy to clipboard print
NOMBRECOMANDO - help commandname - help
-> Command Tail

This command is used to visualize the final part of a document (in English significant tail queue.) It can be used in many cases, for example, suppose we have an error log of Apache web server that takes several GB. Display them using the cat command error_log is not a good idea, and less if you just want to see a recent error is in the final lines of the file. In this case this instruction would be nice to us we will print the last 50 lines of the error_log file. ->
see popup copy to clipboard print
tail error_log error_log tail-n 50-n 50
-> Command

ps ps command gives a snapshot of all processes that are running at any given time. View Top command to display real-time processes.
Although there are many options to filter and sort the processes displayed by this command, possibly the most often used ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print
ps aux ps aux
- ->
With these parameters are formatted process by showing the most important attributes. Sometimes this command is often used together with grep to find a particular process ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print
ps aux grep "nombredelproceso" ps aux grep "nombredelproceso"
->
To stop a process use the Kill command, also explained on this page. Command
Top
shows all the activity of processes that are running in real time. And various information system, uptime, memory, etc ->
see popup copy to clipboard
print top top
->
command to stop the press control + c.
It has many options to order according to our preferences. If while running you press the shift key + m is sorted by the processes that take up more memory. Uptime Command

shows the time that has elapsed since the system opened. ->
see popup copy to clipboard Print

uptime uptime ->
addition also shows users that are Connected to the computer at that moment and the load averages over 1, 5 to 15 minutes.
dp.SyntaxHighlighter.ClipboardSwf = 'http://www.webtutoriales.com/clipboard.swf';
dp.SyntaxHighlighter.HighlightAll ('code');

Pulling Abdominals 10 Weeks Pregnancy

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